Coordinate reference systems in Cartopy

The cartopy.crs.CRS class is the very core of cartopy, all coordinate reference systems in cartopy have CRS as a parent class, meaning all projections have the interface described below.

class cartopy.crs.CRS(proj4_params, globe=None)

Define a Coordinate Reference System using proj.

Parameters:

• proj4_params (iterable of key-value pairs) – The proj4 parameters required to define the desired CRS. The parameters should not describe the desired elliptic model, instead create an appropriate Globe instance. The proj4_params parameters will override any parameters that the Globe defines.
• globe (Globe instance, optional) – If omitted, the default Globe instance will be created. See Globe for details.

globe

The Globe instance of this CRS.

as_geocentric(self)

Return a new Geocentric CRS with the same ellipse/datum as this CRS.

as_geodetic(self)

Return a new Geodetic CRS with the same ellipse/datum as this CRS.

is_geodetic(self)

transform_point(self, double x, double y, CRS src_crs, trap=True)

transform_point(x, y, src_crs)

Transform the given float64 coordinate pair, in the given source coordinate system (src_crs), to this coordinate system.

Parameters:

• x – the x coordinate, in src_crs coordinates, to transform
• y – the y coordinate, in src_crs coordinates, to transform
• src_crs – instance of CRS that represents the coordinate system of x and y.
• trap – Whether proj errors for “latitude or longitude exceeded limits” and “tolerance condition error” should be trapped.

Returns:

(x, y) in this coordinate system

transform_points(self, CRS src_crs, ndarray x, ndarray y, ndarray z=None)

transform_points(src_crs, x, y[, z])

Transform the given coordinates, in the given source coordinate system (src_crs), to this coordinate system.

Parameters:

• src_crs – instance of CRS that represents the coordinate system of x, y and z.
• x – the x coordinates (array), in src_crs coordinates, to transform. May be 1 or 2 dimensional.
• y – the y coordinates (array), in src_crs coordinates, to transform. Its shape must match that of x.
• z (optional) – the z coordinates (array), in src_crs coordinates, to transform. Defaults to None. If supplied, its shape must match that of x.

Returns:

Array of shape x.shape + (3, ) in this coordinate system.

transform_vectors(self, src_proj, x, y, u, v)

transform_vectors(src_proj, x, y, u, v)

Transform the given vector components, with coordinates in the given source coordinate system (src_proj), to this coordinate system. The vector components must be given relative to the source projection’s coordinate reference system (grid eastward and grid northward).

Parameters:

• src_proj – The CRS.Projection that represents the coordinate system the vectors are defined in.
• x – The x coordinates of the vectors in the source projection.
• y – The y coordinates of the vectors in the source projection.
• u – The grid-eastward components of the vectors.
• v – The grid-northward components of the vectors.

Note

x, y, u and v may be 1 or 2 dimensional, but must all have matching shapes.

Returns:ut, vt (The transformed vector components.)

Note

The algorithm used to transform vectors is an approximation rather than an exact transform, but the accuracy should be good enough for visualization purposes.

The Globe class is used to encapsulate the underlying sphere or ellipsoid of any cartopy CRS. All CRSs have an associated Globe, though often it is just the default Globe which represents the reference ellipsoid (i.e. “wgs84”).

class cartopy.crs.Globe(self, datum=None, ellipse='WGS84', semimajor_axis=None, semiminor_axis=None, flattening=None, inverse_flattening=None, towgs84=None, nadgrids=None)

Define an ellipsoid and, optionally, how to relate it to the real world.

Parameters:

• datum – Proj “datum” definition. Defaults to None.
• ellipse – Proj “ellps” definition. Defaults to ‘WGS84’.
• semimajor_axis – Semimajor axis of the spheroid / ellipsoid. Defaults to None.
• semiminor_axis – Semiminor axis of the ellipsoid. Defaults to None.
• flattening – Flattening of the ellipsoid. Defaults to None.
• inverse_flattening – Inverse flattening of the ellipsoid. Defaults to None.
• towgs84 – Passed through to the Proj definition. Defaults to None.
• nadgrids – Passed through to the Proj definition. Defaults to None.

The most common CRS subclass is itself another abstract class; the cartopy.crs.Projection class represents a 2 dimensional coordinate system which could be drawn directly as a map (i.e. on a flat piece of paper). Projection is the parent class of all projections in the Cartopy projection list.

class cartopy.crs.Projection

Define a projected coordinate system with flat topology and Euclidean distance.

Parameters:

• proj4_params (iterable of key-value pairs) – The proj4 parameters required to define the desired CRS. The parameters should not describe the desired elliptic model, instead create an appropriate Globe instance. The proj4_params parameters will override any parameters that the Globe defines.
• globe (Globe instance, optional) – If omitted, the default Globe instance will be created. See Globe for details.

project_geometry(geometry, src_crs=None)

Project the given geometry into this projection.

Parameters:

• geometry – The geometry to (re-)project.
• src_crs (optional) –

  The source CRS. Defaults to None.

  If src_crs is None, the source CRS is assumed to be a geodetic version of the target CRS.

Returns:

geometry – The projected result (a shapely geometry).

quick_vertices_transform(vertices, src_crs)

Where possible, return a vertices array transformed to this CRS from the given vertices array of shape (n, 2) and the source CRS.

Note

This method may return None to indicate that the vertices cannot be transformed quickly, and a more complex geometry transformation is required (see cartopy.crs.Projection.project_geometry()).

There are a few non-Projection subclasses. These represent coordinate reference systems which are 3 dimensional and could not be drawn directly on a piece of paper.

class cartopy.crs.Geodetic(self, globe=None)

Define a latitude/longitude coordinate system with spherical topology, geographical distance and coordinates are measured in degrees.

Parameters:globe (A cartopy.crs.Globe, optional) – Defaults to a “WGS84” datum.

class cartopy.crs.Geocentric(self, globe=None)

Define a Geocentric coordinate system, where x, y, z are Cartesian coordinates from the center of the Earth.

Parameters:globe (A cartopy.crs.Globe, optional) – Defaults to a “WGS84” datum.

class cartopy.crs.RotatedGeodetic(pole_longitude, pole_latitude, central_rotated_longitude=0.0, globe=None)

Define a rotated latitude/longitude coordinate system with spherical topology and geographical distance.

Coordinates are measured in degrees.

The class uses proj to perform an ob_tran operation, using the pole_longitude to set a lon_0 then performing two rotations based on pole_latitude and central_rotated_longitude. This is equivalent to setting the new pole to a location defined by the pole_latitude and pole_longitude values in the GeogCRS defined by globe, then rotating this new CRS about it’s pole using the central_rotated_longitude value.

Parameters:

• pole_longitude – Pole longitude position, in unrotated degrees.
• pole_latitude – Pole latitude position, in unrotated degrees.
• central_rotated_longitude (optional) – Longitude rotation about the new pole, in degrees. Defaults to 0.
• globe (optional) – A cartopy.crs.Globe. Defaults to a “WGS84” datum.

There is also a function for calling epsg.io with a specified code, returning the corresponding cartopy projection, see below.

cartopy.crs.epsg(code)

Return the projection which corresponds to the given EPSG code.

The EPSG code must correspond to a “projected coordinate system”, so EPSG codes such as 4326 (WGS-84) which define a “geodetic coordinate system” will not work.

Note

The conversion is performed by querying https://epsg.io/ so a live internet connection is required.