# Copyright Cartopy Contributors
#
# This file is part of Cartopy and is released under the LGPL license.
# See COPYING and COPYING.LESSER in the root of the repository for full
# licensing details.
"""
Implements image tile identification and fetching from various sources.
The Matplotlib interface can make use of tile objects (defined below) via the
:meth:`cartopy.mpl.geoaxes.GeoAxes.add_image` method. For example, to add a
:class:`MapQuest Open Aerial tileset <MapQuestOpenAerial>` to an existing axes
at zoom level 2, do ``ax.add_image(MapQuestOpenAerial(), 2)``. An example of
using tiles in this way can be found at the
:ref:`sphx_glr_gallery_scalar_data_eyja_volcano.py` example.
"""
from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod
import concurrent.futures
import io
import os
import warnings
from PIL import Image
import shapely.geometry as sgeom
import numpy as np
import cartopy
import cartopy.crs as ccrs
[docs]class GoogleWTS(metaclass=ABCMeta):
"""
Implement web tile retrieval using the Google WTS coordinate system.
A "tile" in this class refers to the coordinates (x, y, z).
The tiles can be saved to a cache directory using the cache parameter, so
they are downloaded only once. If it is set to True, the default path
stored in the cartopy.config dictionary is used. If it is set to a custom
path, this path is used instead of the default one. If it is set to False
(the default behavior), the tiles are downloaded each time.
"""
_MAX_THREADS = 24
def __init__(self, desired_tile_form='RGB',
user_agent='CartoPy/' + cartopy.__version__, cache=False):
self.imgs = []
self.crs = ccrs.Mercator.GOOGLE
self.desired_tile_form = desired_tile_form
self.user_agent = user_agent
# some providers like osm need a user_agent in the request issue #1341
# osm may reject requests if there are too many of them, in which case
# a change of user_agent may fix the issue.
# Enable a cache mechanism when cache is equal to True or to a path.
self._default_cache = False
if cache is True:
self._default_cache = True
self.cache_path = cartopy.config["cache_dir"]
elif cache is False:
self.cache_path = None
else:
self.cache_path = cache
self.cache = set({})
self._load_cache()
def image_for_domain(self, target_domain, target_z):
tiles = []
def fetch_tile(tile):
try:
img, extent, origin = self.get_image(tile)
except OSError:
# Some services 404 for tiles that aren't supposed to be
# there (e.g. out of range).
raise
img = np.array(img)
x = np.linspace(extent[0], extent[1], img.shape[1])
y = np.linspace(extent[2], extent[3], img.shape[0])
return img, x, y, origin
with concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(
max_workers=self._MAX_THREADS) as executor:
futures = []
for tile in self.find_images(target_domain, target_z):
futures.append(executor.submit(fetch_tile, tile))
for future in concurrent.futures.as_completed(futures):
try:
img, x, y, origin = future.result()
tiles.append([img, x, y, origin])
except OSError:
pass
img, extent, origin = _merge_tiles(tiles)
return img, extent, origin
@property
def _cache_dir(self):
"""Return the name of the cache directory"""
return os.path.join(
self.cache_path,
self.__class__.__name__
)
def _load_cache(self):
"""Load the cache"""
if self.cache_path is not None:
cache_dir = self._cache_dir
if not os.path.exists(cache_dir):
os.makedirs(cache_dir)
if self._default_cache:
warnings.warn(
'Cartopy created the following directory to cache '
'GoogleWTS tiles: {}'.format(cache_dir))
self.cache = self.cache.union(set(os.listdir(cache_dir)))
def _find_images(self, target_domain, target_z, start_tile=(0, 0, 0)):
"""Target domain is a shapely polygon in native coordinates."""
assert isinstance(target_z, int) and target_z >= 0, ('target_z must '
'be an integer '
'>=0.')
# Recursively drill down to the images at the target zoom.
x0, x1, y0, y1 = self._tileextent(start_tile)
domain = sgeom.box(x0, y0, x1, y1)
if domain.intersects(target_domain):
if start_tile[2] == target_z:
yield start_tile
else:
for tile in self._subtiles(start_tile):
yield from self._find_images(target_domain, target_z,
start_tile=tile)
find_images = _find_images
def subtiles(self, x_y_z):
x, y, z = x_y_z
# Google tile specific (i.e. up->down).
for xi in range(0, 2):
for yi in range(0, 2):
yield x * 2 + xi, y * 2 + yi, z + 1
_subtiles = subtiles
[docs] def tile_bbox(self, x, y, z, y0_at_north_pole=True):
"""
Return the ``(x0, x1), (y0, y1)`` bounding box for the given x, y, z
tile position.
Parameters
----------
x
The x tile coordinate in the Google tile numbering system.
y
The y tile coordinate in the Google tile numbering system.
z
The z tile coordinate in the Google tile numbering system.
y0_at_north_pole: optional
Boolean representing whether the numbering of the y coordinate
starts at the north pole (as is the convention for Google tiles)
or not (in which case it will start at the south pole, as is the
convention for TMS). Defaults to True.
"""
n = 2 ** z
assert 0 <= x <= (n - 1), ("Tile's x index is out of range. Upper "
"limit %s. Got %s" % (n, x))
assert 0 <= y <= (n - 1), ("Tile's y index is out of range. Upper "
"limit %s. Got %s" % (n, y))
x0, x1 = self.crs.x_limits
y0, y1 = self.crs.y_limits
# Compute the box height and width in native coordinates
# for this zoom level.
box_h = (y1 - y0) / n
box_w = (x1 - x0) / n
# Compute the native x & y extents of the tile.
n_xs = x0 + (x + np.arange(0, 2, dtype=np.float64)) * box_w
n_ys = y0 + (y + np.arange(0, 2, dtype=np.float64)) * box_h
if y0_at_north_pole:
n_ys = -1 * n_ys[::-1]
return n_xs, n_ys
[docs] def tileextent(self, x_y_z):
"""Return extent tuple ``(x0,x1,y0,y1)`` in Mercator coordinates."""
x, y, z = x_y_z
x_lim, y_lim = self.tile_bbox(x, y, z, y0_at_north_pole=True)
return tuple(x_lim) + tuple(y_lim)
_tileextent = tileextent
@abstractmethod
def _image_url(self, tile):
pass
def get_image(self, tile):
from urllib.request import urlopen, Request, HTTPError, URLError
if self.cache_path is not None:
filename = "_".join([str(i) for i in tile]) + ".npy"
cached_file = os.path.join(
self._cache_dir,
filename
)
else:
filename = None
cached_file = None
if filename in self.cache:
img = np.load(cached_file, allow_pickle=False)
else:
url = self._image_url(tile)
try:
request = Request(url, headers={"User-Agent": self.user_agent})
fh = urlopen(request)
im_data = io.BytesIO(fh.read())
fh.close()
img = Image.open(im_data)
except (HTTPError, URLError) as err:
print(err)
img = Image.fromarray(np.full((256, 256, 3), (250, 250, 250),
dtype=np.uint8))
img = img.convert(self.desired_tile_form)
if self.cache_path is not None:
np.save(cached_file, img, allow_pickle=False)
self.cache.add(filename)
return img, self.tileextent(tile), 'lower'
[docs]class GoogleTiles(GoogleWTS):
def __init__(self, desired_tile_form='RGB', style="street",
url=('https://mts0.google.com/vt/lyrs={style}'
'@177000000&hl=en&src=api&x={x}&y={y}&z={z}&s=G'),
cache=False):
"""
Parameters
----------
desired_tile_form: optional
Defaults to 'RGB'.
style: optional
The style for the Google Maps tiles. One of 'street',
'satellite', 'terrain', and 'only_streets'. Defaults to 'street'.
url: optional
URL pointing to a tile source and containing {x}, {y}, and {z}.
Such as: ``'https://server.arcgisonline.com/ArcGIS/rest/services/\
World_Shaded_Relief/MapServer/tile/{z}/{y}/{x}.jpg'``
"""
styles = ["street", "satellite", "terrain", "only_streets"]
style = style.lower()
self.url = url
if style not in styles:
msg = "Invalid style '%s'. Valid styles: %s" % \
(style, ", ".join(styles))
raise ValueError(msg)
self.style = style
# The 'satellite' and 'terrain' styles require pillow with a jpeg
# decoder.
if self.style in ["satellite", "terrain"] and \
not hasattr(Image.core, "jpeg_decoder") or \
not Image.core.jpeg_decoder:
msg = "The '%s' style requires pillow with jpeg decoding support."
raise ValueError(msg % self.style)
return super().__init__(desired_tile_form=desired_tile_form,
cache=cache)
def _image_url(self, tile):
style_dict = {
"street": "m",
"satellite": "s",
"terrain": "t",
"only_streets": "h"}
url = self.url.format(
style=style_dict[self.style],
x=tile[0], X=tile[0],
y=tile[1], Y=tile[1],
z=tile[2], Z=tile[2])
return url
[docs]class MapQuestOSM(GoogleWTS):
# https://developer.mapquest.com/web/products/open/map for terms of use
# https://devblog.mapquest.com/2016/06/15/
# modernization-of-mapquest-results-in-changes-to-open-tile-access/
# this now requires a sign up to a plan
def _image_url(self, tile):
x, y, z = tile
url = 'https://otile1.mqcdn.com/tiles/1.0.0/osm/{}/{}/{}.jpg'.format(
z, x, y)
mqdevurl = ('https://devblog.mapquest.com/2016/06/15/'
'modernization-of-mapquest-results-in-changes'
'-to-open-tile-access/')
warnings.warn('{} will require a log in and and will likely'
' fail. see {} for more details.'.format(url, mqdevurl))
return url
[docs]class MapQuestOpenAerial(GoogleWTS):
# https://developer.mapquest.com/web/products/open/map for terms of use
# The following attribution should be included in the resulting image:
# "Portions Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech and U.S. Depart. of Agriculture,
# Farm Service Agency"
def _image_url(self, tile):
x, y, z = tile
url = 'https://oatile1.mqcdn.com/tiles/1.0.0/sat/{}/{}/{}.jpg'.format(
z, x, y)
return url
[docs]class OSM(GoogleWTS):
# https://operations.osmfoundation.org/policies/tiles/ for terms of use
def _image_url(self, tile):
x, y, z = tile
url = 'https://a.tile.openstreetmap.org/{}/{}/{}.png'.format(z, x, y)
return url
[docs]class Stamen(GoogleWTS):
"""
Retrieves tiles from maps.stamen.com. Styles include
``terrain-background``, ``terrain``, ``toner`` and ``watercolor``.
For a full reference on the styles available please see
http://maps.stamen.com. Of particular note are the sub-styles
that are made available (e.g. ``terrain`` and ``terrain-background``).
To determine the name of the particular [sub-]style you want,
follow the link on http://maps.stamen.com to your desired style and
observe the style name in the URL. Your style name will be in the
form of: ``http://maps.stamen.com/{STYLE_NAME}/#9/37/-122``.
Except otherwise noted, the Stamen map tile sets are copyright Stamen
Design, under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 3.0) license.
Please see the attribution notice at http://maps.stamen.com on how to
attribute this imagery.
"""
def __init__(self, style='toner',
desired_tile_form='RGB', cache=False):
super().__init__(desired_tile_form=desired_tile_form,
cache=cache)
self.style = style
def _image_url(self, tile):
return ('http://tile.stamen.com/{self.style}/{z}/{x}/{y}.png'
.format(self=self, x=tile[0], y=tile[1], z=tile[2]))
[docs]class StamenTerrain(Stamen):
"""
**DEPRECATED:** This class is deprecated. Please use
``Stamen('terrain-background')`` instead.
Terrain tiles defined for the continental United States, and include land
color and shaded hills. The land colors are a custom palette developed by
Gem Spear for the National Atlas 1km land cover data set, which defines
twenty-four land classifications including five kinds of forest,
combinations of shrubs, grasses and crops, and a few tundras and wetlands.
The colors are at their highest contrast when fully zoomed-out to the
whole U.S., and they slowly fade out to pale off-white as you zoom in to
leave room for foreground data and break up the weirdness of large areas
of flat, dark green.
References
----------
* http://mike.teczno.com/notes/osm-us-terrain-layer/background.html
* http://maps.stamen.com/
* https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/List_of_OSM_based_Services
* https://github.com/migurski/DEM-Tools
"""
def __init__(self, cache=False):
warnings.warn(
"The StamenTerrain class was deprecated in v0.17. "
"Please use Stamen('terrain-background') instead.",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2)
# NOTE: This subclass of Stamen exists for legacy reasons.
# No further Stamen subclasses will be accepted as
# they can easily be created in user code with Stamen(style_name).
return super().__init__(style='terrain-background',
cache=cache)
[docs]class MapboxTiles(GoogleWTS):
"""
Implement web tile retrieval from Mapbox.
For terms of service, see https://www.mapbox.com/tos/.
"""
def __init__(self, access_token, map_id, cache=False):
"""
Set up a new Mapbox tiles instance.
Access to Mapbox web services requires an access token and a map ID.
See https://www.mapbox.com/api-documentation/ for details.
Parameters
----------
access_token
A valid Mapbox API access token.
map_id
An ID for a publicly accessible map (provided by Mapbox).
This is the map whose tiles will be retrieved through this process.
"""
self.access_token = access_token
self.map_id = map_id
super().__init__(cache=cache)
def _image_url(self, tile):
x, y, z = tile
url = ('https://api.mapbox.com/v4/mapbox.{id}/{z}/{x}/{y}.png'
'?access_token={token}'.format(z=z, y=y, x=x,
id=self.map_id,
token=self.access_token))
return url
[docs]class MapboxStyleTiles(GoogleWTS):
"""
Implement web tile retrieval from a user-defined Mapbox style. For more
details on Mapbox styles, see
https://www.mapbox.com/studio-manual/overview/map-styling/.
For terms of service, see https://www.mapbox.com/tos/.
"""
def __init__(self, access_token, username, map_id, cache=False):
"""
Set up a new instance to retrieve tiles from a Mapbox style.
Access to Mapbox web services requires an access token and a map ID.
See https://www.mapbox.com/api-documentation/ for details.
Parameters
----------
access_token
A valid Mapbox API access token.
username
The username for the Mapbox user who defined the Mapbox style.
map_id
A map ID for a map defined by a Mapbox style. This is the map whose
tiles will be retrieved through this process. Note that this style
may be private and if your access token does not have permissions
to view this style, then map tile retrieval will fail.
"""
self.access_token = access_token
self.username = username
self.map_id = map_id
super().__init__(cache=cache)
def _image_url(self, tile):
x, y, z = tile
url = ('https://api.mapbox.com/styles/v1/'
'{user}/{mapid}/tiles/256/{z}/{x}/{y}'
'?access_token={token}'.format(z=z, y=y, x=x,
user=self.username,
mapid=self.map_id,
token=self.access_token))
return url
[docs]class QuadtreeTiles(GoogleWTS):
"""
Implement web tile retrieval using the Microsoft WTS quadkey coordinate
system.
A "tile" in this class refers to a quadkey such as "1", "14" or "141"
where the length of the quatree is the zoom level in Google Tile terms.
"""
def _image_url(self, tile):
url = ('http://ecn.dynamic.t1.tiles.virtualearth.net/comp/'
'CompositionHandler/{tile}?mkt=en-'
'gb&it=A,G,L&shading=hill&n=z'.format(tile=tile))
return url
def tms_to_quadkey(self, tms, google=False):
quadKey = ""
x, y, z = tms
# this algorithm works with google tiles, rather than tms, so convert
# to those first.
if not google:
y = (2 ** z - 1) - y
for i in range(z, 0, -1):
digit = 0
mask = 1 << (i - 1)
if (x & mask) != 0:
digit += 1
if (y & mask) != 0:
digit += 2
quadKey += str(digit)
return quadKey
def quadkey_to_tms(self, quadkey, google=False):
# algorithm ported from
# https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb259689.aspx
assert isinstance(quadkey, str), 'quadkey must be a string'
x = y = 0
z = len(quadkey)
for i in range(z, 0, -1):
mask = 1 << (i - 1)
if quadkey[z - i] == '0':
pass
elif quadkey[z - i] == '1':
x |= mask
elif quadkey[z - i] == '2':
y |= mask
elif quadkey[z - i] == '3':
x |= mask
y |= mask
else:
raise ValueError('Invalid QuadKey digit '
'sequence.' + str(quadkey))
# the algorithm works to google tiles, so convert to tms
if not google:
y = (2 ** z - 1) - y
return (x, y, z)
def subtiles(self, quadkey):
for i in range(4):
yield quadkey + str(i)
[docs] def tileextent(self, quadkey):
x_y_z = self.quadkey_to_tms(quadkey, google=True)
return GoogleWTS.tileextent(self, x_y_z)
[docs] def find_images(self, target_domain, target_z, start_tile=None):
"""
Find all the quadtrees at the given target zoom, in the given
target domain.
target_z must be a value >= 1.
"""
if target_z == 0:
raise ValueError('The empty quadtree cannot be returned.')
if start_tile is None:
start_tiles = ['0', '1', '2', '3']
else:
start_tiles = [start_tile]
for start_tile in start_tiles:
start_tile = self.quadkey_to_tms(start_tile, google=True)
for tile in GoogleWTS.find_images(self, target_domain, target_z,
start_tile=start_tile):
yield self.tms_to_quadkey(tile, google=True)
[docs]class OrdnanceSurvey(GoogleWTS):
"""
Implement web tile retrieval from Ordnance Survey map data.
To use this tile image source you will need to obtain an
API key from Ordnance Survey.
For more details on Ordnance Survey layer styles, see
https://apidocs.os.uk/docs/map-styles.
For the API framework agreement, see
https://developer.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/os-api-framework-agreement.
"""
# API Documentation: https://apidocs.os.uk/docs/os-maps-wmts
def __init__(self,
apikey,
layer='Road',
desired_tile_form='RGB',
cache=False):
"""
Parameters
----------
apikey: required
The authentication key provided by OS to query the maps API
layer: optional
The style of the Ordnance Survey map tiles. One of 'Outdoor',
'Road', 'Light', 'Night', 'Leisure'. Defaults to 'Road'.
Details about the style of layer can be found at:
- https://apidocs.os.uk/docs/layer-information
- https://apidocs.os.uk/docs/map-styles
desired_tile_form: optional
Defaults to 'RGB'.
"""
super().__init__(desired_tile_form=desired_tile_form,
cache=cache)
self.apikey = apikey
if layer not in ['Outdoor', 'Road', 'Light', 'Night', 'Leisure']:
raise ValueError('Invalid layer {}'.format(layer))
self.layer = layer
def _image_url(self, tile):
x, y, z = tile
url = ('https://api2.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/'
'mapping_api/v1/service/wmts?'
'key={apikey}&height=256&width=256&tilematrixSet=EPSG%3A3857&'
'version=1.0.0&style=true&layer={layer}%203857&'
'SERVICE=WMTS&REQUEST=GetTile&format=image%2Fpng&'
'TileMatrix=EPSG%3A3857%3A{z}&TileRow={y}&TileCol={x}')
return url.format(z=z, y=y, x=x,
apikey=self.apikey,
layer=self.layer)
def _merge_tiles(tiles):
"""Return a single image, merging the given images."""
if not tiles:
raise ValueError('A non-empty list of tiles should '
'be provided to merge.')
xset = [set(x) for i, x, y, _ in tiles]
yset = [set(y) for i, x, y, _ in tiles]
xs = xset[0]
xs.update(*xset[1:])
ys = yset[0]
ys.update(*yset[1:])
xs = sorted(xs)
ys = sorted(ys)
other_len = tiles[0][0].shape[2:]
img = np.zeros((len(ys), len(xs)) + other_len, dtype=np.uint8) - 1
for tile_img, x, y, origin in tiles:
y_first, y_last = y[0], y[-1]
yi0, yi1 = np.where((y_first == ys) | (y_last == ys))[0]
if origin == 'upper':
yi0 = tile_img.shape[0] - yi0 - 1
yi1 = tile_img.shape[0] - yi1 - 1
start, stop, step = yi0, yi1, 1 if yi0 < yi1 else -1
if step == 1 and stop == img.shape[0] - 1:
stop = None
elif step == -1 and stop == 0:
stop = None
else:
stop += step
y_slice = slice(start, stop, step)
xi0, xi1 = np.where((x[0] == xs) | (x[-1] == xs))[0]
start, stop, step = xi0, xi1, 1 if xi0 < xi1 else -1
if step == 1 and stop == img.shape[1] - 1:
stop = None
elif step == -1 and stop == 0:
stop = None
else:
stop += step
x_slice = slice(start, stop, step)
img_slice = (y_slice, x_slice, Ellipsis)
if origin == 'lower':
tile_img = tile_img[::-1, ::]
img[img_slice] = tile_img
return img, [min(xs), max(xs), min(ys), max(ys)], 'lower'
[docs]class AzureMapsTiles(GoogleWTS):
def __init__(self, subscription_key, tileset_id="microsoft.imagery",
api_version="2.0", desired_tile_form='RGB', cache=False):
"""
Set up a new instance to retrieve tiles from Azure Maps.
Access to Azure Maps REST API requires a subscription key.
See https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/azure-maps/azure-maps-authentication#shared-key-authentication/ # noqa: E501
for details.
Parameters
----------
subscription_key
A valid Azure Maps subscription key.
tileset_id
A tileset ID for a map. See
https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/rest/api/maps/renderv2/getmaptilepreview#tilesetid # noqa: E501
for details.
api_version
API version to use. Defaults to 2.0 as recommended by Microsoft.
"""
super().__init__(desired_tile_form=desired_tile_form, cache=cache)
self.subscription_key = subscription_key
self.tileset_id = tileset_id
self.api_version = api_version
def _image_url(self, tile):
url = ('https://atlas.microsoft.com/map/tile?'
'api-version={self.api_version}&tilesetId={self.tileset_id}'
'&x={x}&y={y}&zoom={z}&'
'subscription-key={self.subscription_key}')
return url.format(self=self, x=tile[0], y=tile[1], z=tile[2])
